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The gardening in Spain has had an evolution in accordance with the different stylistic stamps developed in the art and the Spanish culture, to the time that has been marked by numerous influences along his history, from the roman and Islamic garden, going through the Italian, French and English, until the apparition of the avant-garde and the use of new technologies in the 20th century, that beside the development of the design, the urbanismo and the architecture paisajista have ended in a new form to conceive the gardening and his location in the surroundings. The Spanish garden has been marked by his climate and orography. The floor is generally drier that in his neighbouring countries, Portugal or France, and the solar radiation is more intense, especially in summer, what carried to the creation of gardens of small size and limited in enclosed spaces, no integrated in the landscape as in other countries. A fundamental factor has been the aprovechamiento of the water, scarce in some zones and of uneven distribution according to the different communities of the peninsula. The vegetation of Spain is very varied, since it participates of four regions fitogeográficas different: Mediterranean, eurosiberiana, boreoalpina and macaronesiana. In Spain, in addition to parks and gardens of conception generalista, well of character inespecífico or of thematic cut or specialist —like the botanic gardens—, exist numerous varieties of garden according to the region, like the sound, the cigarral, the pazo, the playground or the carmen. The majority of these typologies, of Islamic inheritance, arose in the Renaissance, between the 16th and 17th centuries; in the case of the pazos Galician, although there are previous traces, the best realisations are of baroque period, in the 18th century. Until practically the 19th century the majority of gardens were promoted by the royalty and the aristocracy, until the social changes gestados between the 18th and 19th centuries —especially this last— facilitated the creation of parks and gardens of public titularity for the use and enjoy of all the citizens. In the 20th century have been essential the links of the gardening with the urbanismo, as well as a greater social awareness to the ecology, that has comported the creation of projects increasingly linked to the natural surroundings. == Roman period == The first traces of the practice of the gardening in Spain come from of the roman period, although any of those realisations has arrived until the actuality. The conquest of the Iberian peninsula by the roman Republic initiated in the course of the Second Punic War (218 to. C.-201 to. C.), although it did not complete until time of Augusto. The ancient Rome was very advanced regarding architecture and engineering, knowledges that moved to all his colonies, that saw like this favoured with diverse infrastructures like ways, bridges and aqueducts. The Romans were one of the first civilisations that awarded big importance to the gardening, to which elevated to the category so much of art as of science. As well as in other previous civilisations the gardens had religious purpose and were evocations of the paradise —the «holy garden»—, in Rome his function became secular and ornamental. The roman garden received the influence of the oriental gardens, as well as of the Greeks no by his real models, but by his reflection in the Greek painting of landscape. In roman period the work of the gardening specialised, and arose the figure of the ''topiarius'' or paisajista, commissioned of the so much material conception like intellectual and aesthetics of the garden. The Romans had big agricultural knowledges, and perfected numerous technicians of crop, as well as tools of labranza. Besides, they perfected to a large extent the hydraulic engineering, what allowed them ensure a contribution regulate of water to his crops and gardens, to the time that made them possible the construction of structures linked to the water, like sources, swimming pools, bathrooms and lakes, that in numerous occasions purchased ornamental character and emphasized the beauty of his gardens. The garden was linked to the ''domus'', the house prototípica roman, where was usual a portico of entrance ornamentado with sculptures, that gave access to a garden of Mediterranean vegetation. This model could give so much in the city as in the field, where arose the «villa», a finca rústica that served generally like second house of the classes accommodated, and that aunaba so much the gardening in the most domestic field like the agricultural exploitation. Generally, the urban gardens organised around a playground (''atrium''), of form peristilada, configured simétricamente around a longitudinal axis, that served like link of communication between the distinct zones of the house. In the centre of the playground was used to have a pozo, source or lake, and the vegetal elements complemented with ornamental details like mosaics, vases or statues, and even often the walls decorated with paintings to the fresco of subject paisajista. The rural villas presented two zones of ajardinamiento: intensive in the nearest enclosure to the house, with fences recortados and trees podados, flowers of season, sources and statues; and extensivo in the most agricultural zone, of irregular outline, with zones of crop and of forest. The gardens were used to have structural and architectural elements like porticos and criptopórticos, arches and columns, exedras, swimming pools, wooden kiosks, pergolas, arbours, and even artificial grottos (ninfeos), elements that happened to back traditions gardeners. Regarding the vegetation, was used to group in arriates that purchased diverse forms, of which one of the most usual was the one of the hippodrome. The water ran in abundance through channels and pilones, sometimes with small jets; this type of drivings of water received the name of ''euripo'', by the narrow homónimo that separates Beocia of the island of Eubea, in Greece. In the Spanish territory find numerous archaeologic rests of roman villas, as the one of Cambre (The Coruña), the Villa The Olmeda in Palencia, the one of Beacon-Pure in Valladolid, the one of Camarzana of Tera (Zamora), the Villa of Camesa-Rebolledo in Cantabria and the Villa of Tower Llauder in Mataró. The model of playground peristilado detects in some rests of villas like the ones of The Caves of Soria, Montijo, Rein, The Pumar, The Santiscal, Green River in Marbella or the ''domus'' number 1 of Ampurias. They have found rests of channels and sources in the Villa of the Pasture of The Cocosa (Badajoz), or of lakes in Villa Fortunatus, near of Fraga (Huesca), or in the Villa of Ujal in Benicató (Nules), The Soldán and Bruñel in Quesada (Jaén). In Conímbriga, at present in Portugal but pertaining in his day to the ancient Hispania, find some of the best examples of Hispanic villas, with a different planimetry to the prototype of roman garden —like the appreciated in Pompeii—, since instead of surrounding the garden a central lake, is the other way around: it is this the one who circunda the vegetal zone. In these villas the model of playground peristilado is more complex, with lateral series of small playgrounds with peristilos secondary. Apart from the houses and roman villas, existed numerous green zones in urban spaces like gymnasiums, termas and theatres, where in his backside was used to situate a peristilo ladscaped: a clear example is the ''porticus post scaenam'' of the Theatre of Mérida, that included a garden with sources, a channel that visited all the perimeter, sculptures and a clock of sun. The gardening hispanorromana left a legacy assumed by the back cultures settled in the peninsula, especially regarding the use of inner playgrounds to contain gardens of small dimensions, the agglutination of the external landscape to the house, the employment of the hydraulic resources, or the aprovechamiento of species frutales in the garden, like the vineyard or the olivo.〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Gardening in Spain」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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